Another great insight to the world of financial markets is now available from OMNIS.

 

 

Please click here to go to the in-depth article

A fantastic insight to the world of financial markets is now available from OMNIS.

 

 

Please click here to go to the in-depth article

 

A letter sent out to my clients recently, offering some perspective on the recent turbulence in financial markets. It’s the time in the market that counts, not ‘timing’ the market. With a long term view, short-term gyrations are uncomfortable, but should not detract you from the plan. If you’d invested £1 in UK equities in 1925, it would be worth £9,100.00 today. That £1 investment will have been through world war 2, high inflation, dot com crash, 2008 financial crisis, referendums, plus many more events that cause a seismic shock to the markets.

It would be wrong to suggest that the news from the financial markets is not uncomfortable and concerning. The media has reported daily and we can all see what is happening and the uncertainty created.

At periods like this it is sometimes healthy to do what the standard investment disclaimer tells you never to do – and to look at past performance. History tells us of previous times of disruption and uncertainty on financial markets and, within our own experiences, the recession of 2008 is a relatively recent memory. On each occasion the financial market recovered. The chart below goes back to 1926 and provides helpful context. Financial markets rise and fall – it is the actions of investors and their investment professionals that determines the long-term impact on individual outcomes.

Already we have seen encouraging shifts from those countries which first experienced COVID19 and are starting to emerge from the peak spread of the virus. While we do not expect a smooth or fast return to a more normal market environment, we do expect that a return will happen.

It is the view of our investment experts that the current period of intense disruption will pass. Moreover, if the authorities succeed in containing the spread of the virus, and if increases in bankruptcies and unemployment are limited, our experts believe the stimulus being put in place by central banks and governments could fuel an exceptionally strong economic recovery in the second half of the year. In 6 months’, time we will hopefully have entered a new phase of market stability with every possibility of new investment value and opportunity. Based on our experience it is best to stay in the market, and not incur the cost of missing on active periods of market recovery. This can have a negative effect your long-term returns.

Our Investment Approach

While we are in the current environment our principles of investment management hold firm.

Understand attitude to risk: As your adviser I have worked closely with you to make sure that your portfolio is closely matched to your own view of risk and comfort with loss. The current markets will be giving you pause for thought but I trust that we have matched your investment position to your individual situation. If you are finding that your attitude to risk is changing let’s talk and make the appropriate changes at the right time.

Invest for the long term: Our position, that value is driven by time in the market rather than a moment in time, is unchanging. Now is admittedly, a moment in time of extreme disruption but we hold our position. Economies and financial markets will steady and recover, and a longer-term approach to investing delivers better returns over time

Diversification is vital: Our investment principles are underpinned by a structured and disciplined approach to diversification. Your Omnis portfolio is designed to ensure diversification of investment, asset class, fund manager and fund without any effort on your behalf.

A rigorous and focused Governance process:  We have built a robust governance process. Every aspect of the current market turbulence is being monitored with experience and care. Our investment team only work for the clients of advisers within the Openwork network. They are only managing your money and the money of other people like you. Their sole priority is your financial well-being in every aspect of their work.

Our approach to investing is designed to insulate your money from the full turbulence of today’s markets. To ensures that you are well placed to be protected from impact during market turbulence and poised to take advantage of market opportunity when markets recover.

The portfolios that we recommend are matched to your appetite for risk and to your desired outcomes over the long term. Early indications even at this point show that this approach is working. Omnis investments, who manage some of our core portfolios, are providing performance updates on the Omnis website. If you would like to talk about your portfolios specifically, I am here to talk with you at any time.

Changes to how we work

It is our responsibility to support the continuation of good health across our community, while providing you with the support you need. So, we have taken the following steps within our practice to preserve our availability and service to you (to adjust as needed):

  • Face to face advice is a cornerstone of our practice but your health is more important. We are now working remotely and practicing reduced social contact across the team.
  • To stay in touch with you we have a range of technologies available – from the simple telephone call to online video chats using any one of (skype/ teams/ facetime) we can connect with you without requiring travel or close contact.
  • Some of our processes may be a little slower at times due to remote working or absence within the team, but we have confidence that you can still expect the same levels of care and diligence in every aspect of our work for you.

Importantly our firm is part of Openwork which is a partnership that has collectively provided financial advice for over 45 years. Together we have seen many changes in financial markets and provided support and guidance to two generations of clients, in good times and in bad.  Operationally this gives us strength and there are contingency plans operating across both our office here and everyone in Openwork to maintain that strength on your behalf.

The challenges we currently face will pass, and our main hope is that our team here, our clients and our communities emerge in health and strength.

Your sincerely

Adam Cockerham FPFS

Chartered Financial Planner

The value of investments and any income from them can fall as well as rise and you may not get back the original amount invested. 

Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance and should not be relied upon.

Newly appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, Rishi Sunak, delivered his first Budget on 11 March, against a backdrop of uncertainty following the COVID-19 outbreak and subsequent financial losses. It was the first of two Budgets to be delivered in 2020, with the second to follow in the autumn.

COVID-19 and the NHS
The Chancellor wasted no time in diving into the heart of the issue on the minds of so many across the nation: the COVID-19 crisis. Taking an empathetic tone, he reassured the British public that “we will get through this together”, emphasising the temporary nature of the crisis and his firm belief in the ability of the British economy to weather the storm.

Mr Sunak then called on all parties across the House to support his £30bn fiscal stimulus, including welfare and business support, to “keep this country and our people healthy and financially secure”.

He pledged:

  • £5bn emergency response fund to support the NHS and other public services
  • Statutory Sick Pay (SSP) will be paid to all those advised to self-isolate even if they don’t have symptoms
  • To support businesses employing fewer than 250, the government would refund up to 14 days’ SSP
  • A Coronavirus Business Interruption Loan Scheme will support businesses experiencing increased costs or cashflow disruptions, providing access to £1bn of government-backed loans
  • Business rates in England will be suspended for 2020-21 for firms in the retail, leisure and hospitality sectors with a rateable value below £51,000
  • Any company eligible for small business rates relief will be allowed a £3,000 cash grant.

Mr Sunak promised an extra £6bn in NHS funding over the course of this Parliament, which would go towards hiring 50,000 more nurses and building 40 new hospitals.

The economy and business
On the morning of Budget day, the Bank of England (BoE) had announced an emergency cut in interest rates to bolster the economy amid the COVID-19 outbreak. BoE base rate was reduced from 0.75% to 0.25%, returning it to its lowest level in history. The BoE said it would also free up billions of pounds of extra lending to help banks support firmsMark Carney, the Governor of the BoE, was keen to emphasise that COVID-19 was a temporary economic shock, stating: “The Bank of England’s role is to help UK businesses and households manage through an economic shock that could prove sharp and large, but should be temporary.”

Mr Sunak also revealed that, not taking into account the impact of COVID-19, the British economy is forecast to grow 1.1% this year, then 1.8% in 2021-22, 1.5% in 2022-23 and 1.3% in 2023-24, while inflation is forecast to be 1.4% this year, increasing to 1.8% in 2021-2022. Borrowing as a percentage of GDP will be 2.1% this year, rising to 2.4% in 2020-21 and 2.8% in 2021-22.

Personal taxation and wages
The Conservative manifesto promised that during the course of this five-year Parliament, there will be no rise in the rates of Income Tax, VAT or National Insurance. From April, the Personal Allowance will be frozen at £12,500 before we start paying 20% Income Tax. Also frozen is the £50,000 threshold at which people start to pay the higher 40% rate of Income Tax. (Rates and thresholds may differ for taxpayers in parts of the UK where Income Tax is devolved.) The National Insurance threshold will rise to £9,500 from April, saving some 30 million workers around £100 a year.

As previously pledged, the new single-tier State Pension will increase from £168.60 a week to £175.20 in April. For pensioners receiving the older basic State Pension, this will increase from £129.20 to £134.25 per week (3.9% increase). The rise is the result of the triple-lock system, which means that the State Pension rises in line with inflation, earnings or 2.5%, whichever is the highest. The Conservatives have vowed to keep this in place for this term of Parliament.

Looking at Inheritance Tax (IHT), the main residence nil rate band will increase from £150,000 to £175,000 in 2020-21, as previously scheduled.

To support the delivery of public services, particularly in the NHS, the two tapered Annual Allowance thresholds for pensions will each be raised by £90,000. So, from 2020-21 the threshold income will be £200,000, meaning individuals with income below this will not be affected by the tapered Annual Allowance and the Annual Allowance will only begin to taper down for individuals who also have an adjusted income above £240,000.

For very high earners the minimum level to which the Annual Allowance can taper down will reduce from £10,000 to £4,000 from April 2020. This reduction will only affect individuals with total income over £300,000.

The 2020-21 tax year ISA (Individual Savings Account) allowance will remain at £20,000.

The JISA (Junior Individual Savings Account) allowance and Child Trust Fund annual subscription limit will be significantly increased from £4,368 to £9,000 in 2020-21.

The Lifetime Allowance for pensions will increase in line with the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) for 2020-21, rising to £1,073,100.

From 11 March the lifetime limit on gains eligible for Entrepreneurs’ Relief is reduced from £10m to £1m, in response to evidence that the costly concession has not been a major incentive to entrepreneurial activity.

Infrastructure and the environment
Mr Sunak announced a huge £600bn package, claimed to be the biggest investment in transport and infrastructure since 1955. Outlining the proposed spending on roads, rail including HS2, gigabit-capable broadband and housing by mid-2025, he said, in short: “if the country needs it, we will build it.” The package includes:

  • £2.5bn available to fix potholes and resurface roads over five years
  • £27bn to build or improve motorways and other arterial roads
  • Up to £510 million in shared rural network to improve 4G coverage
  • Allocation of £1bn from the Transforming Cities Fund
  • Flooding – £5.2bn over five years investment programme for flood defences and £120m in emergency relief for communities affected, £200m for flood resilience.

Environmental measures announced include:

  • Nature for Climate Fund – investing £640m in tree planting and peatland restoration
  • New plastic packaging tax from April 2022
  • Fuel subsidies for red diesel users will be abolished in two years, apart from agriculture, rail, fishing and domestic heating sectors.

Other key points

  • Priority to ensure people have affordable and safe housing – extending the affordable homes programme with £12.2bn funding
  • Supporting local authorities to invest in their communities by cutting interest rates on lending for social housing by 1%
  • £1.1bn allocation from the Housing Infrastructure Fund to build 70,000 new homes in high-demand areas
  • From April 2020, minimum wages will rise; for example, the National Living Wage for those aged 25 and above, will increase 6.2% to £8.72 per hour, and to a projected £10.50 by 2024
  • The 5% VAT on sanitary products will be abolished from 2021
  • Corporation Tax will remain at 19%
  • Fuel duty frozen for tenth consecutive year
  • Duties on all spirits, beer and wine frozen
  • The government will introduce a 2% Stamp Duty Land Tax surcharge on non-UK residents purchasing residential property in England and Northern Ireland from 1 April 2021
  • R&D investment of £22bn a year by 2024-25.

Closing comments
The Chancellor signed off his first Budget with these words: “We’re at the beginning of a new era in this country. We have the freedom and the resources to decide our own future. A future where we unleash the energy, inventiveness and creativity of all the British people. And a future where we look outwards and are confident on the world stage. That starts right now with our world-leading response to the coronavirus. This is a Budget delivered in challenging times. We will rise to this moment. We will get through this together.

Providing a retirement windfall for your child

Planning ahead and starting early can really help when it comes to building up a financial future for the children in your life. The Junior ISA (JISA) is a popular choice for many, but one often overlooked investment option is the ability to open a pension for your child, to help set them up for retirement.

Increasingly popular choice
Although retirement is a very long way off for your child, putting some money aside now means they can be one step ahead when they come to plan their retirement. Any parent or legal guardian can set up a pension, which will automatically transfer to your child once they reach the age of 18, at which time they can continue to contribute or leave the savings invested. Under current rules (which may be subject to change in the future) they can access the pension from age 55.

A valid option, worth considering
In addition to your own pension contribution allowances, people often don’t realise that they can also put money into someone else’s savings. If the recipient is a non-taxpayer, as most children are, they are still entitled to tax relief on any contributions made. Pension rules allow anyone to pay contributions on behalf of a child, so other family members such as grandparents can get in on the act too.

HMRC data indicates over 60,000 families have opened pension plans for their children. As personal pensions come with no minimum age restriction, many people opt to open one when their child is born.

Know the numbers
Current pension rules allow you to put up to £2,880 a tax year into a pension for a child. Tax relief of 20% means that this is then topped up to £3,600. No further Income Tax or Capital Gains Tax will be payable on the investments held in the personal pension, until your child starts taking benefits, (which currently cannot be before age 55). If you start pension contributions once a child is born and used the full allowance, the contributions would cost just under £52,000 over 18 years, and this, under current rules would be topped up by around £13,000 in tax relief.

Assuming growth in investments over the period, when the child reaches age 55 currently, they would have a sizable pension pot to draw upon, the spending power of which will of course depend on the passage of inflation over the intervening years.

Getting the balance right
Aside from retirement provision, you also need to consider providing financial assistance for more pressing priorities, such as university fees or money for a house deposit, or a wedding perhaps. Any pension savings won’t be available to help children with these financial priorities earlier in their adult lives. So, ideally a pension for your child should be regarded as part of a wider plan, rather than the only investment embarked upon.

Start a pension for your child today
With the full State Pension currently £168.60 a week, this is certainly not enough on its own to provide a comfortable retirement, so why not set the wheels in motion to provide a retirement windfall for your child? It’s also a great way to introduce your child to the concept of long-term saving. Families thinking about how to save and invest most efficiently during 2020 shouldn’t overlook pensions for children. Even if the full allowance isn’t contributed, any money saved could still provide a valuable nest egg at retirement.

If you would like to know more about investing for children, please get in touch.

The value of investments can go down as well as up and you may not get back the full amount you invested. The past is not a guide to future performance and past performance may not necessarily be repeated.

HM Revenue and Customs practice and the law relating to taxation are complex and subject to individual circumstances and changes which cannot be foreseen.

If you weren’t sure how Financial Advisers added value to your financial wellbeing, then this graphic might just help you visualise it.

As yet another general election looms over the UK population, you could be forgiven for not quite feeling in the festive spirit. I think we can all agree no one really wants to be thinking about politics and the future of the country in December. I’m sure we would all much rather be sipping mulled wine and searching for the perfect Christmas tree.

With more uncertainty in the air we know that many of you might be concerned about what may lie ahead for your investment. It can be tempting at times like these to make short term decisions in an attempt to protect your money from the prospect of adverse market conditions. As understandable as this is, it goes against a basic principle which all investors should endeavour to follow – ‘time in the market, not timing the market’.

What do we mean by this? Well, it is quite normal for markets to rise and fall and Omnis strongly believe that with any uncertainty comes opportunity. They are both active and agile in approach and well positioned to be able to take advantage of these opportunities as they arise. Simply put, the Omnis aim is to use market fluctuations to buy low, sell high. By being an active investor, we are always looking for these opportunities.

As always, diversification – the concept of not having all your eggs in one basket – is a key investment principle which all investors should follow. Diversification is central to the Omnis approach when managing your money and key to protecting against unfavourable market outcomes. Omnis fund ranges, and portfolios are spread across a multitude of top tier fund managers, sectors, geographies and investment types. So, you can rest assured that your Omnis investments are being carefully managed with your long-term investment goals in mind.

We ensure your portfolio is only taking on as much risk as you are comfortable with, to meet your long-term financial goals. That’s why our partnership with your Omnis is so important to us.

Omnis are a long term active investment manager, and consider the wider, longer term impact of short term economic or political events. There will always be changes and challenges – it’s important to remember, that investing should not be considered with a short-term view.

The value of investments and any income from them can fall as well as rise and you may not get back the original amount invested.

 

I’m not one for written musings. At least not in a professional capacity. I’ve had an experience in my work as a Financial Adviser recently, that left me feeling compelled to write it down and share it with others. If it changes just one life, it will be worth my time.

 

I met a family earlier this year for the first time. Husband had good household earnings, pension planning opportunities as a higher rate taxpayer to be considered, a company Director and above all, father of three. Fairly typical structure, it would seem.

 

We talked about health, dependents, and the future, as you would expect, and I was informed that the client (the husband and father), had been diagnosed with a rare heart condition back in 2017. The condition had meant he would be on medication for the rest of his life.

 

‘Do you have any cover in place?’ I asked them.

 

‘I’m not sure, I think there was something we took out with the mortgage 5 years ago, but I have no idea what it is’ the Gentleman’s wife replied.

 

I responded, ‘Let’s try and find it and see, just in case there is any illness provision on there, you never know’.

 

After some searching, we came across some paperwork from a well-known life insurance provider. I won’t mention who, for reasons that will become evident shortly. Having assessed the paperwork, it turned out that the gentleman’s condition was listed under a critical illness segment of his policy. Six figure potential pay-out.

 

With a cause for cautious optimism, I told them that I think they may have a legitimate claim, but not to get their hopes up as it has been over two years since diagnosis. After a number of weeks of scrambling for medical information from consultants who had moved around hospital trusts, the provider eventually had everything they needed.

 

Due to some intricacies in the policy wording, the client’s claim had been rejected because the condition was not yet severe enough to trigger the critical illness payout.

 

We appealed with further evidence to the contrary. We involved other consultants who had worked with client at various points in his health investigations. We fought, and fought, and fought.

 

It was rejected yet again as the heart reading was 1% healthier than what it needed to be, in order to trigger a claim and be deemed as permanent, despite meeting the diagnosis and all other parameters. It was described as a borderline case, a ‘grey area’. In my opinion, anything right on the line should give benefit of the doubt to the client, always. Otherwise, we risk deteriorating consumer confidence in the provisions they pay for. And rightly so.

 

At this point it was looking unlikely. I had calls with the Ops director, regional managers, underwriters, claims management teams and everybody in-between. I felt I was failing. I couldn’t stop thinking about it.

 

Having consulted my network, we tried one more appeal before embarking on an arduous process with the Financial Ombudsman Service which had no guarantee of being successful.

 

With various discussions ongoing, they agreed to reopen the case for yet another appeal. I felt like I was beginning to develop a heart condition of my own with this, who knows what it was doing to my clients. I was also awash with guilt for getting their hopes up in the first place.

 

After 5 months of battle, arguments, stress, highs, lows and guilt, I am pleased to confirm that in November 2019 the provider overturned their initial two assessments, accepted the claim and paid my clients a sum of money that will alter their financial security forever, should the delicate health position take a turn or slow down earning capacity in the future.

 

It was the biggest sense of professional pride I have experienced in my entire life. It blew any fee-yielding, or complicated case, out of the water. I called them as soon as I found out that it was all over. Coincidentally and rather beautifully, it was also their anniversary, and in fact, a Friday.

 

Worth every minute, although I’m probably not the favourite person at said insurer!

 

What I’ve learned from this:

 

  • Financial protection is single handedly the most important financial foundation you can give your clients. Some will never claim and may feel you’ve cost them money. But for the ones that do, they’ll thank you for the rest of their lives that you had the difficult conversations and made them pay a monthly fee to something that isn’t tangible, nor exciting.

 

  • Never back down from a battle. I will never take no for an answer if I believe the client has just cause.

 

  • Consider policy definitions and policy structure just as importantly as any other factor such as costs, number of definitions. The simpler the definition, the better for all involved, including the claims handlers!

 

  • The weight of a large network behind you can make all the difference when dealing with providers.

 

  • To always involve myself centrally to any claim, whether I advised on the original policy or not. An Adviser involved can make all the difference to the client outcomes. Enthusiasm at point of advice, vigor and tenacity at point of claim.

 

  • It’s not all about the intricacies of financial planning. The basics are just as, if not more, important. I will never skirt over discussing protection ever again.

 

 

 

 

 

Why you should consider modernising your pension

As well as giving you greater freedom over how you access your savings, there are several other benefits when modernising your pension:

—         Take full control of your pension savings
—         Choose when and how to draw an income to suit your retirement planning
—         Keep your options open for drawing an income in the future
—         Optimise your tax efficiency – both on any money you might leave invested, and Inheritance Tax.

If your pension plan does not offer all four of these options, then you should think about switching it.

What else do you need to think about?
There are other factors to take into account when switching to a modern pension.

Firstly, the chances are the costs will increase. You may end up paying as much as an extra 1% of the value of your savings annually. So, if you have saved £200,000, your provider could charge up to £2,000 more per year. And if you seek financial advice, your adviser may also levy a fee, either upfront or as an ongoing service charge. These additional fees eat into your pot, but you could equally benefit from the flexible access as well as greater visibility and control.

Another consideration is tax. Regardless of whether you stick with your current pension or switch to a modern one, your income – other than the first 25% of a partial or whole lump sum- is subject to your highest rate of tax. Seeking professional advice can help you access your savings in a tax-efficient manner.

There is certainly, plenty to consider and it is wise to regularly explore your current and potential retirement routes.

Thanks to pension freedoms introduced in 2015, savers over 55 have a wide range of options when it comes to drawing from your savings, and this brings opportunities although it’s also easier to make a mistake.

There are now essentially four main ways for you to access your pension savings:

  1. Buy an annuity which guarantees an income, typically for the rest of your life but in some cases for a fixed period
    2. Flexi-Access Drawdown allows you to withdraw from your savings when you need to, while the balance remains invested
    3.         Take it all out as cash with the first 25% tax free and you pay income tax at your marginal rate on the rest, although you may face a hefty tax bill the following year
    4.         Take part of it out as cash with the first 25% tax free with the rest taxed at your marginal income tax rate. You can do this as many times as you like until you no longer have any pension savings.

The value of investments and any income from them can fall as well as rise and you may not get back the original amount invested.

HM Revenue and Customs practice and the law relating to taxation are complex and subject to individual circumstances and changes which cannot be foreseen.

Information contained in this article concerning taxation and related matters are based on Openwork’s understanding of the present law and current legislation.

Understanding inflation and its impact on your portfolio is important because rising prices can reduce the value of the money you get back from your investments.

What is inflation?
Inflation is a term used to describe a rise in prices. In the UK, it is measured by the Consumer Prices Index including owner-occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH), the Retail Prices Index (RPI) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). CPI is the most commonly quoted measurement and tracks the changes in prices of several hundred household goods and services including food, clothing and recreation. The Office for National Statistics publishes CPI figures on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis.

Prices increase for a variety of reasons, such as a rise in the cost of the raw materials used to manufacture goods, or tax cuts which encourage consumers to spend.

In the UK, inflation has drifted above the Bank of England’s (BoE) target of 2% since the Brexit referendum as political uncertainty has caused sterling to weaken against other major currencies. Weaker sterling means goods imported from outside the UK become more expensive.

Most other major central banks set a similar target because a healthy level of price rises reflects a strong economy. If inflation races ahead for any reason, the banks can use interest rates to get it back under control.

Why does inflation matter to investors?
Inflation reduces what is known as your purchasing power. In short, when prices rise, you can buy less with your money. This effect does not just impact your day-to-day spending though, it also eats into the returns generated by your investments.

Say your portfolio increased in value by 5% in a year. This is your nominal rate of return. However, prices rose by 2% during that time, consistent with the BoE’s target. To determine your real rate of return, you need to subtract the inflation rate (2%) from your nominal return (5%). In this case, the value of your portfolio increased in real terms by 3%.

Inflation proofing your portfolio
An investment portfolio should ideally be designed to deliver returns that beat inflation over the long term (five to ten years), even if it does not achieve this aim consistently throughout the whole investment period.

Bonds play an important role in the diversification of risk in your portfolio, but they may underperform when prices rise because payments become worth less. Fixed interest payments received by bond investors stay the same regardless of inflation, while equity investors earn a variable return which they expect, to some degree, to reflect changes in inflation. Alternative asset classes such as commercial property and commodities might also benefit from rising prices. Conversely, with interest rates at record lows since the 2008 financial crisis, holding cash will generate negative returns.

The value of your investments can fall as well as rise, and you could get back less than you invest.

When it comes to building your investment portfolio, you might have been warned about avoiding putting all your eggs in one basket. It’s wise to spread your money across a range of different investments. That way, if the value of one of them falls, it should have a limited effect on the overall performance of your portfolio.

How to diversify your portfolio
In practical terms, diversity involves investing in different asset classes across various countries and regions.

The two main asset classes in most portfolios are shares and bonds, and these behave differently. When you invest in shares, you buy into a company’s ongoing operations. The value of shares fluctuates according to the fortunes of the company, so they are riskier than bonds. Of course, the returns can be greater too.

A bond is effectively a loan to the issuer in return for a fixed interest payment. A government bond, such as a gilt, is considered among the least risky investments, as the UK government is unlikely to default, although returns can be lower.

Most portfolios will also diversify holdings across developed countries, like the UK, the US and within Europe, and regions such as emerging markets (EMs). Developed countries typically have relatively stable economies and stock markets comprising large, well-established companies. EMs on the other hand, are growing faster so they offer greater potential rewards, however, they tend to be more unpredictable, so they are regarded as higher risk.

How diversification works
During times of uncertainty, bonds usually rally as investors move their money out of shares and into safe-haven assets.

When the outlook improves, shares rebound as investors switch back to taking greater risk in return for what they hope will be a higher reward.

As for geographical diversification, any number of economic or political factors can weigh on the financial markets in one country or region without necessarily spreading into others.

Assets and regions are not always uncorrelated in the short term. Most asset classes fell towards the end of 2018 due to concerns about global trade, slowing economic growth and the prospect of rising interest rates. They then rose in tandem at the start of 2019. As long as your portfolio is well diversified, it should weather market fluctuations.

The value of your investments and any income from them can fall as well as rise and you may not get back the original amount invested.

As you approach retirement, you probably want to know when you can afford to stop working. Having worked hard throughout your career you deserve to enjoy your retirement without having to worry about your finances. It may be worth reviewing your pension contributions to make sure you are taking advantage of the incentives offered by the government and your employer.

Make the most of tax relief…
The government tops up your pension contributions in the form of tax relief at your highest rate of income tax to encourage you to save. Basic rate taxpayers receive tax relief of 20%, while higher rate and additional rate taxpayers can claim back 20% and 25% respectively through their tax returns.

…and understand employer contributions
Since 2012, employers have been legally obliged to automatically enrol employees in a pension scheme, although you can opt out. As an incentive, employers top up employee contributions. The government increased the minimum contribution to 8% from April 2019 – at least 3% from employers with employees making up the balance. It is worth remembering that the employee’s contribution includes tax relief.

Are you saving enough?
There are no fixed rules about how much you should contribute to your pension because of course everyone’s circumstances are different. However, one rule of thumb is to take the age you started saving and divide it by two to give you the percentage of your salary which you might wish to put away each year. So, if you set up your pension at the age of 30, you could aim to pay in 15% of your salary.

Stick within the limits
There are rules covering how much you can contribute, and you could face a hefty tax bill if you break them. The annual allowance for the 2019/20 tax year is £40,000 or your full salary (whichever is lower).

There is also the lifetime allowance – the maximum amount you can withdraw from a pension scheme. It is currently £1,055,000 and likely to increase with inflation. It’s probably wise to keep a close eye on the value of your pension if it starts approaching this limit.

Deciding whether or not you can afford to retire is a significant consideration, and so it makes good sense to regularly review how much you are saving and ensure you are taking full advantage of any incentives.